Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
• Data Files
• Related Publications
• Related Datasets
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Project Information
• Program Information
• Funding

Methodology:
Water stable isotopes were measured using a continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. pH, salinity, and EC were measured by a LAQUAtwin (HORIBA). Ionic compositions of the brines and selected (melted) samples of massive ice and sediment pore water were determined by ion chromatography. Details of the methodology used for this dataset are described in Iwahana et al. (2021).

Sampling and Analytical Procedures:
We conducted two permafrost (including massive ground ice and frozen sediments) and cryopeg brine sampling campaigns in the permafrost tunnel (71.2945 N, 156.7154 W) in May of 2017 and 2018. We used brushes and spatulas to remove sample remains (ice and frozen or unfrozen sediment) from the geological tools prior to next use to avoid introducing sample material from one hole to another. During every drilling, the sampler was prewashed by massive ground ice until it reached permafrost or the brine-bearing layer. The recovered cores were subsampled into portions of 6 to 12 cm for geochemical analyses. When brine was encountered, we collected it until no further liquid could be withdrawn using a sterile pumping system (described by Cooper et al., 2019 as required for their microbial analyses, and in Supporting Information Text S3 of Iwahana et al., 2021). Collected massive ice and frozen sediments were labeled, packed, transferred without thawing, and kept frozen (below -20 ºC) until further subsampling and analyses (within a year) in the laboratory at the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF). All water samples were unfiltered.

BCO-DMO Processing:
- replaced "-" and "?" with "nd" (no data);
- renamed fields to comply with BCO-DMO naming conventions;
- converted dates to YYYY-MM-DD format;
- removed asterisks/comments from Sample_year field and moved to "remarks" column.

GBMF Summary:

In support of developing a virus–bacterium–alga culture system and advancing methods to investigate how virus infection and stress impact gene flow and microbial evolution in cold, highly saline environments.

A Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Program.
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Forging a new paradigm in marine microbial ecology:

Microbes in the ocean produce half of the oxygen on the planet and remove vast amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, from the atmosphere. Yet, we have known surprisingly little about these microscopic organisms. As we discover answers to some long-standing puzzles about the roles that marine microorganisms play in supporting the ocean’s food webs and driving global elemental cycles, we realized that we still need to learn much more about what these organisms do and how they do it—including how they evolved and contribute to our ocean's health and productivity.

The Marine Microbiology Initiative seeks to gain a comprehensive understanding of marine microbial communities, including their diversity, functions and behaviors; their ecological roles; and their origins and evolution. Our focus has been to enable researchers to uncover the principles that govern the interactions among microbes and that govern microbially mediated nutrient flow in the sea. To address these opportunities, we support leaders in the field through investigator awards, multidisciplinary team research projects, and efforts to create resources of broad use to the research community. We also support development of new instrumentation, tools, technologies and genetic approaches.

Through the efforts of many scientists from around the world, the initiative has been catalyzing new science through advances in methods and technology, and to reduce interdisciplinary barriers slowing progress. With our support, researchers are quantifying nutrient pools in the ocean, deciphering the genetic and biochemical bases of microbial metabolism, and understanding how microbes interact with one another. The initiative has five grant portfolios:

Individual investigator awards for current and emerging leaders in the field.
Multidisciplinary projects that support collaboration across disciplines.
New instrumentation, tools and technology that enable scientists to ask new questions in ways previously not possible.
Community resource efforts that fund the creation and sharing of data and the development of tools, methods and infrastructure of widespread utility.
Projects that advance genetic tools to enable development of experimental model systems in marine microbial ecology.
We also bring together scientists to discuss timely subjects and to facilitate scientific exchange.

Our path to marine microbial ecology was a confluence of new technology that could accelerate science and an opportunity to support a field that was not well funded relative to potential impact. Around the time we began this work in 2004, the life sciences were entering a new era of DNA sequencing and genomics, expanding possibilities for scientific research – including the nascent field of marine microbial ecology. Through conversations with pioneers inside and outside the field, an opportunity was identified: to apply these new sequencing tools to advance knowledge of marine microbial communities and reveal how they support and influence ocean systems.

After many years of success, we will wind down this effort and close the initiative in 2021. We will have invested more than $250 million over 17 years to deepen understanding of the diversity, ecological activities and evolution of marine microbial communities. Thanks to the work of hundreds of scientists and others involved with the initiative, the goals have been achieved and the field has been profoundly enriched; it is now positioned to address new scientific questions using innovative technologies and methods.