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Birefringence occurs when a beam of plane polarized light is split into two beams, an ordinary ray and an extraordinary ray, of unequal velocities (corresponding to two different refractive indices of the crystal), which when recombined on exiting the crystal form a beam of light that is no longer linearly polarized. Birefringence is the difference between the two refractive indexes. (from: 10.3389/frsen.2022.837938)