Dataset: BATS discrete bottle data

Name: Discrete bottle samples collected at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site in the Sargasso Sea from October 1988 through June 2024
Published: 2025-01-20
Keywords: BATS bottle data, BATS Niskin data, BATS biogeochemical data, oceans

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Cite This Dataset

DOI:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.3782.6

Spatial Extent: N:35.667 E:-60.447 S:24.759 W:-66.169

Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site located 80 km SE of Bermuda (31°40N, 64°10W) in the Sargasso Sea

Temporal Extent: 1988-10-20 - 2024-06-11

Project:

Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS)

Program:

Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB)

U.S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (U.S. JGOFS)

Ocean Time-series Sites (Ocean Time-series)

Principal Investigator:

Nicholas Bates (Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, BIOS)

Co-Principal Investigator:

Rodney J. Johnson (Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, BIOS)

Michael W. Lomas (Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, BIOS)

Scientist:

Paul J. Lethaby (Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, BIOS)

Debra Lomas (Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences)

Dominic Smith (Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, BIOS)

Technician:

Emily Davey (Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, BIOS)

Lucinda Derbyshire (Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, BIOS)

Rebecca Garley (Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, BIOS)

Rebecca May (Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, BIOS)

Claire Medley (Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, BIOS)

Emma Stuart (Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, BIOS)

BCO-DMO Data Manager:

Dana Stuart Gerlach (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, WHOI BCO-DMO)

Version:

Version Date:

2025-01-20

Restricted:

Validated:

Current State:

Under revision

Discrete bottle samples collected at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site in the Sargasso Sea from October 1988 through June 2024

Abstract:

Data presented here are discrete bottle samples from the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site located 80 km SE of Bermuda (31°40N, 64°10W) in the Sargasso Sea for October 1988 (cruise 10001) through June 2024 (cruise 10416). Measurements were collected from the core monthly BATS cruises and the near-biweekly (depending on ship availability) BATS Bloom cruises during February through April. The sample parameter list has been mostly consistent for the full time-series record and includes: salinity, dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, nutrients (nitrate + nitrite, nitrite, phosphate, silicate), particulate organics (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous), particulate silicate, total organic carbon and nitrogen, total dissolved phosphorus, bacterial enumeration, and flow cytometry counts of picoplankton. The HPLC derived phytoplankton pigment data which are collected synoptically with many of the above parameters are reported in a separate dataset.

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Archival Copy

Version Date	Archive	Persistent Identifier (PID)	Date PID Issued
2024-11-04	Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA)	10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.3782.6	2024-11-04
2023-12-19	Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA)	10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.3782.2	2024-09-16

Description

Discrete bottle data collected at the Bermuda Atlantic Time Time-series Study site in the Sargasso Sea during BATS cruises #1 (October 1988) through #416 (June 2024).

Methods & Sampling

Water samples were collected at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site located 80 km southeast of Bermuda (31°40N, 64°10W) in the Sargasso Sea. Measurements were collected monthly and often biweekly during the core monthly BATS cruises and the BATS Bloom cruises (Feb to April) following the methods of Knap et al. (1997).

All bottle fires are included in this dataset, even those that do not have any BATS core parameters, to be of use with other measurements and studies.

Niskin bottles were deployed and accompanying CTD measurements were taken at the depths of water sample collection. Sample parameters include salinity, dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, nutrients (nitrate + nitrite, nitrite, phosphate, silicate), particulate organics (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous), particulate silicate, total organic carbon and total nitrogen, total dissolved phosphorous, bacterial enumeration, and flow cytometry counts of picoplankton. The HPLC derived phytoplankton pigment data which are collected synoptically with many of the above parameters are reported separately (see https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/893521)

Ship information
Research was conducted on many research vessels including:

R/V Weatherbird I (cruises 1,2,8,9,10,11,12 and 13)
R/V Weatherbird I (cruises 1,2,8,9,10,11,12 and 13)
R/V Cape Henlopen (cruises 3,4,5,6 and 7)
R/V Cape Hatteras (cruises 33,52,52a,53,53a,54,54a,55,55a and 56,195,196,196a 208,208a,209)
R/V Weatherbird II (all other cruises through 207)
R/V Oceanus (cruise 242)
R/V Endeavor (cruise 331)
R/V Atlantic Explorer (cruises 210 through 241, and 243 onwards except those mentioned above)

Numerous chief scientists: Tony Knap, Rachel Dow, Anthony Michaels, Kjell Gundersen, Rodney Johnson, Ann Close, Deborah Steinberg, Paul Lethaby, Julian Mitchell, Vivienne Lochhead, Deborah Lomas, Steven Bell, Jonathan Whitefield, Gwyn Evans, James Sadler, Samuel Monk, Samuel Stevens, Afonso Goncalves, Matt Enright, Fernando Pacheco, Zac Anderson, Claire Medley, and Dominic Smith.

Please see the Supplemental Files section for a listing of the cruises and associated measurements specific to this version of the BATS bottle data (bats_bottle_release_v007_update.txt)

Problems/Issues

Note: Prior to BATS 121, DON was reported rather than TN

Data Processing Description

Chapter 3 of the BATS methods manual has details about the steps taken to process and correct the data from the oceanographic sensors. Briefly, temperatures (when the bottles were fired) are extracted from the SeaBird Electronics (SBE) .asc files. Bottle data for each cast is then corrected using static drift/slope corrections based on SBE calibrations.

BCO-DMO Processing

- Imported data from source file "bats_bottle_v007.txt" into the BCO-DMO data system. Data file imported using missing data identifiers "NA" and -999.
- Imported data from file "bats_bottle_qcmask_v007" into BCO-DMO system. This file is quality flags for the bottle data measurements.
- The 'bottle' and 'mask' files were joined using the keys of bottle ID, date, and time.
- Converted latitude and longitude to decimal degrees.
- Added columns for Cruise type, Cruise number, Cast number, and Bottle number based on the bottle ID
- Zero padded the time column values and then combined with the yyyymmdd time column.
- Converted date and time to ISO8601 format
- Modified parameter (column) names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions. The only allowed characters are A-Z,a-z,0-9, and underscores. No spaces, hyphens, commas, parentheses, or Greek letters.

More Information about this dataset

Funding Sources

Funding Source	Award Number
NSF Division of Ocean Sciences	OCE-0752366
NSF Division of Ocean Sciences	OCE-1756105
NSF Division of Ocean Sciences	OCE-2241455

Deployments

Deployment	Synonyms	Start Date	Platform	Investigator
BATS_cruises	Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study cruises	1988-10-20	Multiple Vessels	Nicholas Bates (Principal Investigator) Rodney J. Johnson (Co-Principal Investigator) Michael W. Lomas (Co-Principal Investigator) Deborah K. Steinberg (Co-Principal Investigator)	data info

Instruments

CTD Sea-Bird 911

Supplied Description:

Instrument Type

Generic Name: CTD Sea-Bird 911

Acronym: CTD SBE 911

Community Identifier: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0035/

Generic Description:

The Sea-Bird SBE 911 is a type of CTD instrument package. The SBE 911 includes the SBE 9 Underwater Unit and the SBE 11 Deck Unit (for real-time readout using conductive wire) for deployment from a vessel. The combination of the SBE 9 and SBE 11 is called a SBE 911. The SBE 9 uses Sea-Bird's standard modular temperature and conductivity sensors (SBE 3 and SBE 4). The SBE 9 CTD can be configured with auxiliary sensors to measure other parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, fluorescence, light (PAR), light transmission, etc.). More information from Sea-Bird Electronics.

Fluorescence Microscope

Supplied Name: Olympus AX70 Fluoresence Microscope

Supplied Description:

Bacterial enumeration methods include DAPI stained Epifluoresence Microscopy / Olympus AX70

Instrument Type

Generic Name: Fluorescence Microscope

Community Identifier: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB06/

Generic Description:

Instruments that generate enlarged images of samples using the phenomena of fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to, reflection and absorption of visible light. Includes conventional and inverted instruments.

Niskin bottle

Supplied Description:

Instrument Type

Generic Name: Niskin bottle

Community Identifier: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0412/

Generic Description:

A Niskin bottle (a next generation water sampler based on the Nansen bottle) is a cylindrical, non-metallic water collection device with stoppers at both ends. The bottles can be attached individually on a hydrowire or deployed in 12, 24, or 36 bottle Rosette systems mounted on a frame and combined with a CTD. Niskin bottles are used to collect discrete water samples for a range of measurements including pigments, nutrients, plankton, etc.

Parameters

Date and time formats are described in python strftime() syntax.

Supplied Name	Supplied description	Supplied Units	Standard Name
ISO_DateTime_UTC	Date and Time in ISO8601 standard format Format: %Y-%m-%dT%H:%MZ	unitless	ISO_DateTime_UTC
Bottle_ID	Unique bottle ID which identifies cruise type, cruise, cast, and Niskin bottle number	unitless	sample
Latitude	Latitude	decimal degrees	lat
Longitude	Longitude (West is negative)	decimal degrees	lon
Vessel	Research vessel used for sampling	unitless	ship
Cruise_ID	Cruise ID where first digit indicates cruise type followed by cruise number	unitless	cruise_id
Cruise_type	Cruise type (BATS core, BATS Bloom A, or BATS Bloom B)	unitless	cruise_type
Cruise_num	Cruise number	unitless	cruise_id
Cast_num	Cast number; 1-80=CTD casts, 81-99=Hydrocasts (i.e. 83 = Data from Hydrocast number 3	unitless	cast
Bottle_num	Bottle number of sample	unitless	bottle
QF_bottle	Quality flag for Niskin or Go-Flo bottles (-3 =suspect, 1=unverified, 2=verified/acceptable)	unitless	q_flag
Depth	Depth	meters (m)	depth
QF_Depth	Quality flag for depth (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
Temperature	Temperature in ITS-90 standard	degrees Celsius ( °C)	temp
QF_Temp	Quality flag for Temperature (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
CTD_Salinity	CTD Salinity on PSS-78 scale	dimensionless	sal_ctd
QF_CTD_Sal	Quality flag for CTD salinity (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
Salinity	Salinity-1 measurement on PSS-78 scale	dimensionless	sal_bot
QF_Salinity	Quality flag for Salinity-1 (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
Sigma_theta	Sigma-theta measurement	kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m^3)	sigma_0
QF_Sigma_theta	Quality flag for sigma-theta measurement (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
Oxygen_1	Oxygen-1	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)	O2
QF_Oxygen	Quality flag for Oxygen-1 measurement (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
CO2	Dissolved inorganic carbon	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)	DIC
QF_DIC	Quality flag for dissolved inorganic carbon (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
Alkalinity	Alkalinity	microequivalents	TALK
QF_Alk	Quality flag for Alkalinity (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
NO3_plus_NO2	Nitrate plus nitrite (NO3+NO2)	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)	NO3_NO2
QF_NO3_NO2	Quality flag for nitrate plus nitrite (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
NO2	Nitrite	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)	NO2
QF_NO2	Quality flag for nitrite (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
PO4	Phosphate	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)	PO4
QF_PO4	Quality flag for phosphate (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
Silicate	Silicate	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)	Silicate
QF_Silicate	Quality flag for silicate (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
POC	Particulate Organic Carbon	micrograms per kilogram (ug/kg)	POC
QF_POC	Quality flag for particulate organic carbon (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
PON	Particulate Organic Nitrogen	micrograms per kilogram (ug/kg)	PON
QF_PON	Quality flag for particulate organic nitrogen (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
TOC	Total Organic Carbon	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)	TOC
QF_TOC	Quality flag for total organic carbon (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
TN	Total Nitrogen (prior to BATS 121, DON is reported instead of TN)	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)	TDN
QF_TN	Quality flag for total nitrogen (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
Bact_Enum	Bacteria enumeration	cells times 10^8 per kilogram	bact_abund
QF_Bact_enum	Quality flag for bacterial enumeration (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
POP	Particulate Organic Phosphorus	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)	POP
QF_POP	Quality flag for particulate organic phosphorus (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
TDP	Total Dissolved Phosphorus	nanomoles per kilogram (nmol/kg)	TDP
QF_TDP	Quality flag for total dissolved phosphorus (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
SRP	Low-level phosphorus (soluble reactive phosphorus)	nanomoles per kilogram (nmol/kg)	SRP
QF_LLP_SRP	Quality flag for low-level phosphorus (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
Bio_Si	Particulate biogenic silica	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)	Si_bio
QF_bio_Si	Quality flag for particulate biogenic silica (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
Litho_Si	Particulate lithogenic silica	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)	Si_lith
QF_litho_Si	Quality flag for lithogenic silica (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
Prochlorococcus	Prochlorococcus	cells per milliliter (cells/mL)	coccus_p
QF_Prochloro	Quality flag for prochlorococcus (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
Synechococcus	Synechococcus	cells per milliliter (cells/mL)	coccus_s
QF_Synecho	Quality flag for synechococcus (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
Picoeukaryotes	Picoeukaryotes	cells per milliliter (cells/mL)	pico_euks
QF_Picoeuk	Quality flag for picoeukaryotes (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
Nanoeukaryotes	Nanoeukaryotes	cells per milliliter (cells/mL)	phyto_e_n
QF_Nanoeuk	Quality flag for nanoeukaryotes (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
yyyymmdd	Date in year, month, day	unitless	date
time	Time in hour, min	unitless	time
decimal_year	Decimal Year	unitless	year_decimal

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Dataset: BATS discrete bottle data