Project: Ecology of microbial mats at seamount associated Fe-rich hydrothermal vent systems

Description from NSF award abstract:
A grand challenge in microbial ecology is to understand what drives the structure of microbial communities. A recently discovered novel class of Proteobacteria, the Zetaproteobacteria, are associated with microbial mats at iron rich hydrothermal vents at submarine volcanoes deep in the ocean. These bacteria only grow using iron as an energy source and fix carbon dioxide. Within iron rich microbial mats, Zetaproteobacteria are the dominant bacterial population; however they are rare in most other deep-sea or marine habitats, suggesting they may be restricted to specific niches characterized by gradients of oxygen and iron. Recent discoveries have expanded their range to fluids collected from deep ocean crust boreholes, iron deposits in coastal saltmarshes, and with steel associated bio-corrosion, demonstrating that marine Zetaproteobacteria are cosmopolitan. A unique property of these marine iron oxidizing bacteria is that they produce morphologically distinct iron oxide structures in the form of filamentous sheaths or stalk-like structures. These structures are easily recognized by light microscopy, and electron microscopy is beginning to reveal subtle differences among them that may be diagnostic of different populations of iron oxidizing bacteria. Another unusual aspect of iron oxidizing bacteria is that they produce large quantities of oxides with relatively little bacterial biomass. As a result, the oxides form a matrix that influences water and nutrient flow in the microbial mats where they grow, and in turn, may influence the growth of other groups of bacteria and archaea that live in the mats. In an ecological context, the PIs believe this makes them a keystone species that form the predominant structural matrix of the mat, and engineer an environment conducive for growth of specific bacterial populations within the mat ecosystem. The PIs propose to use high resolution mat sampling techniques to investigate the architecture of mat ecosystems and couple these with modern molecular methods (i.e., single-cell metagenomics) and geochemical measurements of the vent fluid to couple morphological and functional diversity to phylogenetic and physiological diversity. Because the Zetaproteobacteria are ancient, have unique metabolic and morphological attributes, and appear to be restricted to a well-defined habitat, they offer an interesting model for understanding fundamental ecological concepts that drive microbial diversity and evolution.

A better understanding of iron oxidizing bacteria that include Zetaproteobacteria is of fundamental interest to scientists interested in areas of earth science and oceanography because they illustrate how microbes can fundamentally influence geochemical cycling and mineral deposition. Furthermore, morphological structures similar to those produced by Zetaproteobacteria can still be identified hundreds of millions (and possibly billions) of years back in the geological record, making them of paleontological, and potentially of exobiological, interest. As knowledge of extant populations grow, it is possible they will also help to inform us of environmental change in past Earth history. A wealth of educational and outreach opportunities will be made possible by this work, including graduate and postdoctoral education, research experiences for undergraduates, and teacher training. In addition the participating scientists are involved in a number of programs to make the general public aware of the process of how scientific research is conducted, and how discoveries of a fundamental nature can ultimately benefit humankind.

Additional information/resources:
TN293 (Loihi 2013)
Loihi Summit Map (PDF)
Cruise blog: https://zetahunters.wordpress.com/
Jason Virtual Control Van: http://4dgeo.whoi.edu/webdata/virtualvan/html/VV-tn293/index.html

Related Publications:
Fullerton, H., K. W. Hager, S. M. McAllister, and C. L. Moyer. 2017. Hidden diversity revealed by genome-resolved metagenomics of iron-oxidizing microbial mats from Lō’ihi Seamount, Hawai’i. ISMEJ 11:1900–1914. doi:10.1038/ismej.2017.40
Emerson, D., J. J. Scott, A. Leavitt, E. Fleming, and C. L. Moyer. 2016. In situ estimates of iron-oxidation and accretion rates for iron-oxidizing bacterial mats at Loihi Seamount. bioRxiv 095414. doi:10.1101/095414
Scott, J. J., B. T. Glazer, and D. Emerson. 2017. Bringing microbial diversity into focus: high-resolution analysis of iron mats from the Lō’ihi Seamount. Environmental Microbiology 19:301–316. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13607
Chan, C.S., S.M. McAllister, A.H. Leavitt, B.T. Glazer, S.T. Krepski, and D. Emerson. 2016. The architecture of iron microbial mats reflects the adaptation of chemolithotrophic iron oxidation in freshwater and marine environments. Frontiers in Microbiology 7:796. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00796
Fullerton, H., K. W. Hager, and C. L. Moyer. 2015. Draft genome sequence of Mariprofundus ferrooxydans strain JV-1, isolated from Loihi Seamount, Hawaii. Genome announcements 3:e01118-15. doi:10.1128/genomeA.01118-15
Field, E.K., A. Sczyrba, A.E. Lyman, C.C. Harris, T. Woyke, R. Stepanauskas, and D. Emerson. 2015. Genomic insights into the uncultivated marine Zetaproteobacteria at Loihi Seamount. ISMEJ 9:857–870. doi:10.1038/ismej.2014.183
Jesser, KJ, Fullerton H, Hager KW, Moyer CL. 2015. Quantitative PCR analysis of functional genes in iron-rich microbial mats at an active hydrothermal vent system (Lō'ihi Seamount, Hawai'i). Appl Environ Microbiol 81:2976–2984. doi:10.1128/AEM.03608-14. (PDF)

RR1413 (Mariana 2014)
RR1413 Cruise Report (5.2 MB PDF)
Urushima to Rota Map (PDF)
Jason Virtual Control Van website:  http://4dgeo.whoi.edu/webdata/virtualvan/html/VV-rr1413/index.html

Related Publications:
Hager, K. W., H. Fullerton, D. A. Butterfield, and C. L. Moyer. 2017. Community structure of lithotrophically-driven hydrothermal microbial mats from the Mariana Arc and Back-Arc. Frontiers in Microbiology 8:1578. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01578